#!/usr/bin/env php

This allows us to run the script without prefixing it with the “php” command, and instead we can run it like this:

chmod +x myscript  # This gives execution permissions to the script, do it only once
./myscript --first=option --second --third=option

If we want our script to take options like in the example above, we can use this snippet:

$options = array();

foreach ($argv as $arg){
	preg_match('/\-\-(\w*)\=?(.+)?/', $arg, $value);
	if ($value && isset($value[1]) && $value[1])
		$options[$value[1]] = isset($value[2]) ? $value[2] : null;
}

The $options array will hold the supplied options. You can then use them like this:

if (!isset($options['somevalue']))
	// show an error

if (isset($options['dosomething']))
	// do something

When it comes to creating the navigation part of your Website, the first thing you might think of is an unordered list that you style as tabs. Lately, such navbars are everywhere, as many people believe they’ll make their site more Web 2.0-compatible. Personally, I just think they’re semantically better and accessible.

In this article I’ll go through the creation of a custom navigation bar with some cute Javascript effects that will certainly impress your friends. Thanks to the great Mootools library, this beauty is contained in 1.5kb. Not only that, but it’s also cross browser (tested on Internet Explorer 6/7, Firefox and Safari) and accessible!

Introduction

Every time that I know I’m going to use Javascript to alter the behavior or look of something, I try to come up with a simple markup, and make sure it renders perfectly with Javascript turned off. To illustrate this point, imagine that you want to make an element wider on rollover. The property Javascript would change is width:, so I make sure first that my style works when I modify the width randomly.

For this menu, as we’ll be having a movable element that acts as the background, we should first make sure that just by using css, we can freely move it and that it won’t affect the display of the menu. If you didn’t do this, when you’re coding the JS and face a bug, you’ll find yourself wondering if it is caused by the CSS, the Javascript, the browser?

Mark it up

Just like any other navigation, we’re going to use an unordered list with some anchors:

Home
Plant a tree
Travel
Ride an elephant

This is the foundation of a semantically correct, degradable navigation structure.

The CSS styling

As I said before, it’s paramount that we create flawless, cross browser CSS code. Let’s get to it

The first problem we face is that it’s impossible to use the background property for the rounded box that follows your mouse, with the current CSS specs shared by most browsers. That forces us to add a new LI item that will act as the moving background.

We’re going to set position: relative to the unordered list, and position: absolute to the moving item, so that it’s easy to move it between the menu boundaries from Javascript. If you don’t quite understand how this works, I encourage you to quickly read this article about CSS positioning. You’ll understand that if we simply set position: absolute to it, we’d have to do some hard, useless calculations Javascript side to positionate it correctly.

Then, this is the code we have so far:

#fancymenu {
  position: relative;
  height: 29px;
  width: 421px;
  background: url('images/bg.gif') no-repeat top;
  padding: 15px;
  margin: 10px 0;
  overflow: hidden;
}

#fancymenu ul {
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
}

/* Don't apply padding here (offsetWidth will differ in IE)
If you need padding add it to the child anchor */
#fancymenu ul li {
  float: left;
  list-style: none;
}

#fancymenu ul li a {
  text-indent: -500em;
  z-index: 10;
  display: block;
  float: left;
  height: 30px;
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
}

So far it’s quite easy, and I included some comments for the tricky parts. The text-indent property is used to hide the text without adding extra markup, and keeping it accesible.

Now, we have to add the background images for each link:

#menu_home a {
  width: 59px;
  background: url('images/menu_home.png') no-repeat center !important;
  background: url('images/menu_home.gif') no-repeat center; // ie!
}

#menu_plantatree a {
  width: 119px;
  background: url('images/menu_plantatree.png') no-repeat center !important;
  background: url('images/menu_plantatree.gif') no-repeat center;
}

#menu_travel a {
  width: 70px;
  background: url('images/menu_travel.png') no-repeat center !important;
  background: url('images/menu_travel.gif') no-repeat center;
}

#menu_rideanelephant a {
  width: 142px;
  background: url('images/menu_rideanelephant.png') no-repeat center !important;
  background: url('images/menu_rideanelephant.gif') no-repeat center;
}

In the following section you’ll see why we use .gif images for Internet Explorer by using the !important hack.

The moving background

As we discussed, there’s a LI that moves in a lower layer and stretches to take the shape of each element. Because of its structure, we’re going to implement something similar to the Sliding Doors technique, but without text.

Its markup would be the following:

As it doesn’t have any semantic role in the unordered list, we’re going to include it from Javascript. Of course, for testing, you can include it first manually and then remove it. This is the style for it:

#fancymenu li.background {
  background: url('images/bg_menu_right.png') no-repeat top right !important;
  background: url('images/bg_menu_right.gif') no-repeat top right;
  z-index: 8;
  position: absolute;
  visibility: hidden;
}

#fancymenu .background .left {
  background: url('images/bg_menu.png') no-repeat top left !important;
  background: url('images/bg_menu.gif') no-repeat top left;
  height: 30px;
  margin-right: 9px; /* 7px is the width of the rounded shape */
}

The use of this technique is one of the main reasons why we don’t use filters to display the PNGs in Internet Explorer. You can’t decide the position of the background with them, which would make the right corner side display above the left part. Read this article about the png hack limitations to find out more. Another reason is that Microsoft is updating users to IE7 automatically, which supports png perfectly.

Keep in mind, as well, that when you export the .gifs you’ll have to set the Matte to match the background color, otherwise everything will look really bad. This picture illustrates what your images should look like:

Scripting it

Thanks to our smart CSS code, our Javascript is very short and simple. Its job is limited to adding the extra background markup, and of course the effects for shrinking and moving it.

We’re just going to need Mootools’ Fx.Style.js, Dom.js, and of course their dependencies. For this article’s example, I also used a custom transition found in the Fx.Transitions package (remember that transitions are what make the movement of the background vary). It’s coded in the form of a Class, so that it’s possible to initialize several menus on the same page.

var SlideList = new Class({
	initialize: function(menu, options) {
		this.setOptions(this.getOptions(), options);

		this.menu = $(menu), this.current = this.menu.getElement('li.current');

		this.menu.getElements('li').each(function(item){
			item.addEvent('mouseover', function(){ this.moveBg(item); }.bind(this));
			item.addEvent('mouseout', function(){ this.moveBg(this.current); }.bind(this));
			item.addEvent('click', function(event){ this.clickItem(event, item); }.bind(this));
		}.bind(this));

		this.back = new Element('li').addClass('background').adopt(new Element('div').addClass('left')).injectInside(this.menu);
		this.back.fx = this.back.effects(this.options);
		if(this.current) this.setCurrent(this.current);
	},

	setCurrent: function(el, effect){
		this.back.setStyles({left: (el.offsetLeft)+'px', width: (el.offsetWidth)+'px'});
		(effect) ? this.back.effect('opacity').set(0).start(1) : this.back.setOpacity(1);
		this.current = el;
	},

	getOptions: function(){
		return {
			transition: Fx.Transitions.sineInOut,
			duration: 500, wait: false,
			onClick: Class.empty
		};
	},

	clickItem: function(event, item) {
		if(!this.current) this.setCurrent(item, true);
		this.current = item;
		this.options.onClick(new Event(event), item);
	},

	moveBg: function(to) {
		if(!this.current) return;
		this.back.fx.custom({
			left: [this.back.offsetLeft, to.offsetLeft],
			width: [this.back.offsetWidth, to.offsetWidth]
		});
	}
});

SlideList.implement(new Options);

Finally, it’s time to start it. Just create the object, by passing the id and desired options. The following example shows how to do it when the page DOM tree is loaded.

window.addEvent('domready', function() {
	new SlideList($E('ul', 'fancymenu'), {transition: Fx.Transitions.backOut, duration: 700, onClick: function(ev, item) { ev.stop(); }});
});

The script first looks for the element that has the current class. If it finds it, it positions the background behind it. If it doesn’t, it waits till the user first click on some item to set the ‘current’ class. This comes in very handy for menus meant for user selection, like the example below, instead of menus with links to actual URLs.

There’s an onClick option, which calls a function with an Event object, and the clicked element object reference as parameters. You can also change the effect duration, transition, etc.

Extend it

If you’ve made it this far, you must’ve noticed that it hasn’t been dead easy. In fact, the tutorial is not aimed solely to teach you how to create a menu, but for you to understand the possibilities you have using CSS and Javascript to make something stand out, and at the same time provide some tips to get you started if you want to create your own.

Here’s another example, using the very same Javascript class!