The default shell for Leopard users is Bash. Although many GNU/Linux users are familiar with it, not all Mac users take full advantage of its power. Here are some very useful commands and tips I use routinely.

Users and login

Use the root superuser

sudo su -

Alter login variables (such as $PATH, $EDITOR)

nano ~/.profile

Other available shells

• /bin/ksh
• /bin/tcsh
• /bin/csh
• /bin/zsh

Files management

Output the contents of a file

cat /some/thing

Get 20 lines from the end of a file

tail -n 20 /some/thing

Get the first 20 lines of a file

head -n 20 /some/thing

Create an empty file

touch /some/thing

Redirect the output of a command to a file (overwrites)

command > /some/thing

Redirect the output of a command to a file (appends)

command >> /some/thing

Append the timestamp to a file

touch /backups/backup_`date +%s`.txt

Change to the last directory you were in

cd /var
cd /etc
cd - # will take you to /var

List file size in human-readable units

ls -lh /dir/or/file

Available editors

• /usr/bin/vi
• /usr/bin/vim
• /usr/bin/nano

Applications and processes

Run a process in the background

command &

List running processes

ps ax

The first column will be the PID

Kill a process by pid

kill -9

Kill a process or processes by name (e.g: the Dock)

killall Dock

Open an application (Mac-only)

open /Applications/iTunes.app/

The PHP command accepts some interesting parameters which add flexibility to how scripts that you run from your shell or cron jobs are executed.

One of them is -d, which alters a php.ini value for the duration of the command. An example is as follows:

php5 -d memory_limit=128M symfony propel:data-load

This was a real time saver considering the server was not setup with a CLI-specific php.ini, like some are.